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Spot the James Bond Film

Can you spot the five James Bond films?

The films are:

  1. “Diamonds are Forever” (Diamonds + R + Four + Heifer)
  2. “Moonraker” (Moon + Rake + R)
  3. “Octopussy” (Octopus + E)
  4. “Golden Eye” (Gold + Hen + Eye)
  5. “The World Is Not Enough” (The World + E’s + Knot + N + Oeuf)
Source:

This rebus is taken from the book “A Collection of Spots”. Inside the book you will find 48 more puzzles.

Five Acronyms

What do the following acronyms have in common?

  • LCD display
  • ATM machine
  • PDF format
  • ISBN number
  • HIV virus

All five are examples of the RAS syndrome (Redundant Acronym Syndrome syndrome) in which the last word of the acronym is repeated.

  • Liquid-Crystal Display display
  • Automated Teller Machine machine
  • Portable Document Format format
  • International Standard Book Number number
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus

Numbers on a Dodecahedron

We have written the numbers from 1 to 12 on the faces of a regular dodecahedron. Then, we have written on each vertex the sum of the five numbers on the faces incident with it. Is it possible that 16 of these 20 sums are the same?

We color the vertices in five colors as shown in the image below, such that each face of the dodecahedron has 1 vertex of each color. Then, the sum of the four numbers from each color must be equal to the sum of all numbers written on the faces: 1 + 2 + … + 12 = 78.

If 16 of the vertices have the same number written on them, then by the pigeonhole principle there will be 4 vertices with identical colors and identical numbers. Since 78 is not divisible by 4, we conclude that this is impossible.

Switch the Knights

Your goal is to switch the positions of the three white knights with the positions of the three black knights. What is the least number of moves required to do this?

The least number of moves required to switch the positions of the knights is 16. An example is shown below.

Next, we prove that it is impossible to switch the positions of the knights with less than 16 moves. Since the white knights occupy 2 black and 1 white squares, they need to end up on 2 white and 1 black squares, and each knight must make at least 2 moves in order to get to the opposite side, the total number of moves for the white knights should be an odd number, larger or equal to 2+2+2=6. The same applies to the total number of moves for the black knights. Therefore, the only possible way to get a total number of moves less than 16 is if both the white knights and the black knights move exactly 7 times.

We assume it is possible to switch the positions with 7+7=14 moves in total. Then, the white knight on A2 and one of the white knights on A1, A3 should make 2 moves each, and the third white knight should make 3 moves and land on a white square, either D1 or D3. Without loss of generality, we assume the knight on A1 makes 3 moves: A1-B3-C1-D3. Then, the knight on A2 should make 2 moves: A2-C3-D1, and the knight on A3 should make 2 moves: A3-B1-D2.

We make the same argument for the black knights. Since it is impossible that the white knight on A1 moves along the trajectory A1-B3-C1-D3 and also the black knight on D3 moves along the trajectory D3-C1-B3-A1, we conclude that the black knight on D1 should make 3 moves: D1-C3-B1-A3, the black knight on D2 should make 2 moves: D2-B3-A1, and the black knight on D3 should make 2 moves: D3-C1-A2.

This is only possible if:

  1. the knight on A1 moves to C1 after the knight on D3 moves to A2
  2. the knight on D3 moves to A2 after the knight on A2 moves to C3
  3. the knight on A2 moves to C3 after the knight on D1 moves to B1
  4. the knight on D1 moves to B1 after the knight on A3 moves to D2
  5. the knight on A3 moves to D2 after the knight on D2 moves to B3
  6. the knight on D2 moves to B3 after the knight on A1 moves to C1

We get a contradiction which means that the least number of moves is 16.