The Missing Digit

The number 229 has 9 digits, all different. Which digit is missing?

Bonus: Is the number 9991 prime?

Let the missing digit be m. Every number and the sum of its digits give the same remainder when divided by 9. The number 229 = 32 * 644 gives remainder 5 when divided by 9, and therefore 9 divides (0 + 1 + 2 + … + 9) – 5 – m = 40 – m. Thus, the missing digit is 4.

Bonus: 9991 = 10000 – 9 = 1002 – 32 = (100 – 3)(100 + 3) = 97 * 103. Therefore the number 9991 is not prime.

Cover the Table

100 coins are placed on a rectangular table, such that no more coins can be added without overlapping. Show that you can cover the entire table with 400 coins (overlapping allowed).

Since we can not place any more coins on the table, each point of it is at distance at most 2r from the center of some coin, where r is the radius of the coin. Now shrink the entire table twice in width and length, then replace every shrunk coin with a full sized one. This way the small table will be completely covered because every point of it will be at distance at most r from the center of some coin. Add three more of these smaller tables, covered with coins, to create a covering of the big table.

Borromean Rings

Borromean rings are rings in the 3-dimensional space, linked in such a way that if you cut any of the three rings, all of them will be unlinked (see the image below). Show that rigid circular Borromean rings cannot exist.

Assume the opposite. Imagine the rings have zero thickness and reposition them in such a way, that two of them, say ring 1 and ring 2, touch each other in two points. These two rings lie either on a sphere or a plane which ring 3 must intersect in four points. However, this is impossible.