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Heads Up, Heads Down
You are blindfolded and on the table, in front of you, 50 coins are placed. You are told that X of them are heads up and the rest are heads down. Then you are asked to separate the coins into two groups and optionally flip some of them so that the number of heads in both groups becomes the same. How can you do this?
SOLUTION
Separate the coins into one group of X coins and into another group of 50-X coins, then flip every coin in the first group. If in the first group there were Y heads up initially, then after flipping there would be X-Y – exactly the number of heads up in the second group.
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